Abstract INTRODUCTION: Achieving viral suppression (VS) in children is challenging despite the exponential increase in access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). We evaluated VS in children >1 year of age and adolescents 5 years after they had begun ART, in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil. METHODS: HIV-infected, ART-naive children >1 year of age between 1999 and 2016 were eligible. Analysis was stratified by age at ART initiation: 1-5 y, >5-10 y, and >10-19 y. CD4+ T-cell count and viral load were assessed on arrival at the clinic, on ART initiation, and at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years after ART initiation. The primary outcome was a viral load <50 copies/mL 5 years after ART initiation. RESULTS: Ultimately, 121 patients were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 4.8 years (SD 3.5), mean CD4% was 17.9 (SD 9.8), and mean viral load was 4.6 log10 copies/ml (SD 0.8). Five years after ART initiation, the overall VS rate was 46.9%. VS by patient age group was as follows: 36.6% for 1-5 y, 53.3% for >5-10 y, and 30% for >10-19 y. Almost all children (90,4%) showed an increase in CD4%+ T cell count. There were no statistically significant predictors for detecting children who do not achieve VS with treatment. VS remained below 65% in all the evaluated periods. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable immunological improvement is seen in children after ART initiation. Further efforts are needed to maintain adequate long-term VS levels and improve the survival of this vulnerable population.

Resumo: O rastreamento de Chlamydia trachomatis não é feito de rotina em mulheres jovens assintomáticas no Brasil. O estudo avaliou o desempenho, utilidade e adequação operacional do teste de DNA Digene Hybrid Capture II (HCII) CT-ID como ferramenta de rastreamento oportunista para detectar C. trachomatis no sistema público de saúde em Manaus, Amazonas. Mulheres entre 14 e 25 anos de idade que frequentavam serviços de atenção básica foram entrevistadas, com a coleta de uma amostra cervicouterina durante o rastreamento citológico. O teste HCII CT foi avaliado em relação à capacidade de detectar a presença de C. trachomatis, e comparado à PCR em tempo real (q-PCR) em um sub-conjunto de amostras. O desempenho operacional foi avaliado através de entrevistas com profissionais e pacientes. Foram examinadas 1.187 mulheres, das quais 1.169 tiveram um resultado de teste HCII CT-ID (destas, 292 foram testadas também com q-PCR). Um total de 153 mulheres (13,1%) testaram positivas para C. trachomatis. A sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos positivo e negativo do HCII CT foram 72,3% (IC95%: 65,4-78,6), 91,3% (IC95%: 84,1-95,9), 93,8% (IC95%: 88,5-97,1) e 64,4% (IC95%: 56,0-72,1), respectivamente. A coleta de amostras provocou desconforto em 19,7% das mulheres. As principais barreiras relatadas pelos profissionais de saúde (n = 52) eram casos positivos que não retornavam para os resultados (56,4%), falta de disponibilidade de realizar o rastreamento sem consulta agendada (45,1%) e aumento da carga de trabalho (38,8%). O HCII CT-ID identificou alta prevalência de C. trachomatis em mulheres jovens de Manaus. Entretanto, a sensibilidade moderada limita o uso como ferramenta de rastreamento oportunista em serviços de atenção básica naquela cidade. O rastreamento era bem-recebido, mas as barreiras identificadas, principalmente entre profissionais de saúde, limitam a detecção através do rastreamento e as iniciativas de tratamento.

Abstract: Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis is not routinely offered to young asymptomatic women in Brazil. This study evaluated the performance, usefulness, and operational suitability of the Digene Hybrid Capture II (HCII) CT-ID DNA-test as an opportunistic screening tool to detect C. trachomatis in the public health system in Manaus, Amazonas State. Women aged 14-25 years who attended primary health care services were interviewed and one cervical specimen was collected during cytological screening. The HCII CT test was evaluated for its ability to detect the presence of C. trachomatis and against real-time PCR (q-PCR) in a subset of samples. Operational performance was assessed through interviews with providers and patients. Overall, 1,187 women were screened, and 1,169 had a HCII CT-ID test result (292 of these were also tested by q-PCR). Of those, 13.1% (n = 153) were positive. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of HCII CT were 72.3% (95%CI: 65.4-78.6), 91.3% (95%CI: 84.1-95.9), 93.8% (95%CI: 88.5-97.1), and 64.4% (95%CI: 56.0-72.1), respectively. Sample collection caused discomfort in 19.7% of women. Among health professionals (n = 52), the main barriers reported included positive cases who did not return for results (56.4%), unwillingness to screen without an appointment (45.1%), and increase in their workload (38.8%). HCII CT-ID identified a high proportion of C. trachomatis cases among young women in Manaus. However, its moderate sensitivity limits its use as an opportunistic screening tool in primary health care settings in Manaus. Screening was well accepted although the barriers we identified, especially among health professionals, challenge screening detection and treatment efforts.

Resumen: Los exámenes de control de Chlamydia trachomatis no se ofrecen habitualmente a las mujeres jóvenes asintomáticas en Brasil. Este estudio evaluó los resultados, utilidad e idoneidad operativa del test Digene Hybrid Capture II (HCII) CT-ID DNA como una herramienta de examen apropiada para detectar la C. trachomatis en el sistema de salud público de Manaus, Amazonas. Las mujeres con una edad comprendida entre los 14-25 años que asistieron a un centro de atención primaria fueron entrevistadas, y se recogió una muestra cervical durante el examen citológico. Se evaluó el test HCII CT, debido a su habilidad para detectar la presencia de C. trachomatis, frente al realtime PCR (q-PCR) en un subconjunto de muestras. El resultado operativo fue evaluado mediante entrevistas con proveedores y pacientes. Globalmente, se examinaron a 1.187 mujeres, y 1.169 de ellas contaban con los resultados de la prueba HCII CT-ID (a 292 de las cuales también se les aplicó el test q-PCR). Entre ellas, un 13,1% (n = 153) eran positivo. La sensibilidad, especificidad, los valores predictivos positivos y negativos del HCII CT fueron 72,3% (IC95%: 65,4-78,6), 91,3% (IC95%: 84,1-95,9), 93,8% (IC95%: 88,5-97,1), y 64,4% (IC95%: 56,0-72,1), respectivamente. La toma de muestras resultó incómoda en un 19,7% de las mujeres. Entre los profesionales de la salud (n = 52), las barreras principales informadas incluyeron casos positivos que no volvieron a recoger los resultados (56,4%), reticencia a realizarse el examen sin cita previa (45,1%), e incremento en su carga laboral (38,8%). El HCII CT-ID identificó un alto porcentaje de casos de C. trachomatis entre mujeres jóvenes en Manaus. No obstante, su moderada sensibilidad limita su uso como una herramienta idónea en los centros de atención primaria en Manaus. El examen fue bien aceptado, pese a que identificamos obstáculos, especialmente entre los profesionales de salud, lo que supone un desafío para la detección de la enfermedad que requiere esfuerzos para su tratamiento.

Resumo: O rastreamento de Chlamydia trachomatis não é feito de rotina em mulheres jovens assintomáticas no Brasil. O estudo avaliou o desempenho, utilidade e adequação operacional do teste de DNA Digene Hybrid Capture II (HCII) CT-ID como ferramenta de rastreamento oportunista para detectar C. trachomatis no sistema público de saúde em Manaus, Amazonas. Mulheres entre 14 e 25 anos de idade que frequentavam serviços de atenção básica foram entrevistadas, com a coleta de uma amostra cervicouterina durante o rastreamento citológico. O teste HCII CT foi avaliado em relação à capacidade de detectar a presença de C. trachomatis, e comparado à PCR em tempo real (q-PCR) em um sub-conjunto de amostras. O desempenho operacional foi avaliado através de entrevistas com profissionais e pacientes. Foram examinadas 1.187 mulheres, das quais 1.169 tiveram um resultado de teste HCII CT-ID (destas, 292 foram testadas também com q-PCR). Um total de 153 mulheres (13,1%) testaram positivas para C. trachomatis. A sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos positivo e negativo do HCII CT foram 72,3% (IC95%: 65,4-78,6), 91,3% (IC95%: 84,1-95,9), 93,8% (IC95%: 88,5-97,1) e 64,4% (IC95%: 56,0-72,1), respectivamente. A coleta de amostras provocou desconforto em 19,7% das mulheres. As principais barreiras relatadas pelos profissionais de saúde (n = 52) eram casos positivos que não retornavam para os resultados (56,4%), falta de disponibilidade de realizar o rastreamento sem consulta agendada (45,1%) e aumento da carga de trabalho (38,8%). O HCII CT-ID identificou alta prevalência de C. trachomatis em mulheres jovens de Manaus. Entretanto, a sensibilidade moderada limita o uso como ferramenta de rastreamento oportunista em serviços de atenção básica naquela cidade. O rastreamento era bem-recebido, mas as barreiras identificadas, principalmente entre profissionais de saúde, limitam a detecção através do rastreamento e as iniciativas de tratamento.

Abstract: Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis is not routinely offered to young asymptomatic women in Brazil. This study evaluated the performance, usefulness, and operational suitability of the Digene Hybrid Capture II (HCII) CT-ID DNA-test as an opportunistic screening tool to detect C. trachomatis in the public health system in Manaus, Amazonas State. Women aged 14-25 years who attended primary health care services were interviewed and one cervical specimen was collected during cytological screening. The HCII CT test was evaluated for its ability to detect the presence of C. trachomatis and against real-time PCR (q-PCR) in a subset of samples. Operational performance was assessed through interviews with providers and patients. Overall, 1,187 women were screened, and 1,169 had a HCII CT-ID test result (292 of these were also tested by q-PCR). Of those, 13.1% (n = 153) were positive. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of HCII CT were 72.3% (95%CI: 65.4-78.6), 91.3% (95%CI: 84.1-95.9), 93.8% (95%CI: 88.5-97.1), and 64.4% (95%CI: 56.0-72.1), respectively. Sample collection caused discomfort in 19.7% of women. Among health professionals (n = 52), the main barriers reported included positive cases who did not return for results (56.4%), unwillingness to screen without an appointment (45.1%), and increase in their workload (38.8%). HCII CT-ID identified a high proportion of C. trachomatis cases among young women in Manaus. However, its moderate sensitivity limits its use as an opportunistic screening tool in primary health care settings in Manaus. Screening was well accepted although the barriers we identified, especially among health professionals, challenge screening detection and treatment efforts.

Resumen: Los exámenes de control de Chlamydia trachomatis no se ofrecen habitualmente a las mujeres jóvenes asintomáticas en Brasil. Este estudio evaluó los resultados, utilidad e idoneidad operativa del test Digene Hybrid Capture II (HCII) CT-ID DNA como una herramienta de examen apropiada para detectar la C. trachomatis en el sistema de salud público de Manaus, Amazonas. Las mujeres con una edad comprendida entre los 14-25 años que asistieron a un centro de atención primaria fueron entrevistadas, y se recogió una muestra cervical durante el examen citológico. Se evaluó el test HCII CT, debido a su habilidad para detectar la presencia de C. trachomatis, frente al realtime PCR (q-PCR) en un subconjunto de muestras. El resultado operativo fue evaluado mediante entrevistas con proveedores y pacientes. Globalmente, se examinaron a 1.187 mujeres, y 1.169 de ellas contaban con los resultados de la prueba HCII CT-ID (a 292 de las cuales también se les aplicó el test q-PCR). Entre ellas, un 13,1% (n = 153) eran positivo. La sensibilidad, especificidad, los valores predictivos positivos y negativos del HCII CT fueron 72,3% (IC95%: 65,4-78,6), 91,3% (IC95%: 84,1-95,9), 93,8% (IC95%: 88,5-97,1), y 64,4% (IC95%: 56,0-72,1), respectivamente. La toma de muestras resultó incómoda en un 19,7% de las mujeres. Entre los profesionales de la salud (n = 52), las barreras principales informadas incluyeron casos positivos que no volvieron a recoger los resultados (56,4%), reticencia a realizarse el examen sin cita previa (45,1%), e incremento en su carga laboral (38,8%). El HCII CT-ID identificó un alto porcentaje de casos de C. trachomatis entre mujeres jóvenes en Manaus. No obstante, su moderada sensibilidad limita su uso como una herramienta idónea en los centros de atención primaria en Manaus. El examen fue bien aceptado, pese a que identificamos obstáculos, especialmente entre los profesionales de salud, lo que supone un desafío para la detección de la enfermedad que requiere esfuerzos para su tratamiento.

Introdução Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a soroprevalência do HIV entre as mulheres grávidas no Brasil e descrever a cobertura de exames de HIV e a integração dos cuidados pré-natais (CPN). Métodos Entre outubro de 2010 e janeiro de 2012, foi realizada uma pesquisa de probabilidade por amostragem direcionada a mulheres grávidas com idade entre 15 e 49 anos, que utilizaram serviços de parto em hospitais públicos do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados a partir de relatórios pré-natais e registros hospitalares. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas e submetidas a exames de HIV. Descrevemos a prevalência da infecção pelo HIV específica de acordo com a idade e a absorção dos CPN em relação a fatores demográficos. Resultados Das 36.713 mulheres incluídas, 35.444 (96,6%) foram submetidas a exames de HIV durante a admissão para o trabalho de parto. A prevalência global de HIV foi de 0,38% (intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95%: 0,31-0,48), e foi maior no grupo com a faixa etária entre 30 e 39 anos de idade (0,60% [0,40-0,88]), da região Sul (0,79% [0,59-1,04]), entre as mulheres com o ensino fundamental incompleto (0,63% [0,30-1,31]) ou ensino médio incompleto (0,67% [0,49-0,97]), e entre as mulheres que se identificam como asiáticas (0,94% [0,28-3,10]). A cobertura do exame de HIV durante os CPN foi de 86,6% para um exame e de 38,2% para dois exames. No geral, 98,5% das mulheres foram atendidas em pelo menos 1 consulta de CPN, 90,4% compareceram a pelo menos 4 consultas, 71% compareceram a pelo menos 6 visitas, e 51,7% receberam CPN durante o 1o trimestre. A cobertura de exames de HIV e os indicadores de captação de CPN aumentaram de forma proporcional ao aumento da idade e do nível de educação, e foram maiores na região Sudeste. Conclusões O Brasil apresenta uma prevalência de menos de 1% e cobertura praticamente universal de CPN. No entanto, as lacunas nos exames de HIV e CPN durante o primeiro trimestre representam um desafio à prevenção contra a transmissão vertical do HIV. São necessários mais esforços a fim de reduzir as disparidades regionais e sociais.

Abstract Background This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of HIV among pregnant women in Brazil and to describe HIV testing coverage and the uptake of antenatal care (ANC). Methods Between October 2010 and January 2012, a probability sample survey of parturient women aged 15-49 years who visited public hospital delivery services in Brazil was conducted. Data were collected from prenatal reports and hospital records. Dried blood spot (DNS) samples were collected and tested for HIV.We describe the agespecific prevalence of HIV infection and ANC uptake with respect to sociodemographic factors. Results Of the 36,713 included women, 35,444 (96.6%) were tested for HIV during delivery admission. The overall HIV prevalence was of 0.38% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31-0.48), and it was highest in: the 30 to 39 year-old age group (0.60% [0.40- 0.88]), in the Southern region of Brazil (0.79% [0.59-1.04]), among women who had not completed primary (0.63% [0.30-1.31]) or secondary (0.67% [0.49-0.97]) school education, and among women who self-reported as Asian (0.94% [0.28-3.10]). The HIV testing coverage during prenatal care was of 86.6% for one test and of 38.2% for two tests. Overall, 98.5% of women attended at least 1 ANC visit, 90.4% attended at least 4 visits, 71% attended at least 6 visits, and 51.7% received ANC during the 1st trimester. HIV testing coverage and ANC uptake indicators increased with increasing age and education level of education, and were highest in the Southern region. Conclusions Brazil presents an HIV prevalence of less than 1% and almost universal coverage of ANC. However, gaps in HIV testing and ANC during the first trimester challenge the prevention of the vertical transmission of HIV. More efforts are needed to address regional and social disparities.

AbstractHere, we describe a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) that occurred during a plausible risk interval following inactivated influenza vaccination in a previously healthy 27-year-old man from Manaus, Brazil. He was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin. One-month follow-up revealed resolution of the brain lesions, but not of the spinal cord lesions. No recurrence or progression of the main neurological symptoms was observed. After two years of monitoring, the patient continues to experience weak lower limbs and urinary retention. Thus, we recommend that ADEM should be considered in a patient presenting with neurological symptoms after influenza vaccination.

A scoping review was conducted to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, from 2001 to 2012, and temporary patterns were estimated from surveillance data. The results suggest that in its third decade, the Amazon HIV/AIDS epidemic is far from being stabilized and displays rising AIDS incidence and mortality rates and late diagnoses. The data suggest that AIDS cases are hitting mostly young adults and have recently shifted toward men, both homosexual and heterosexual. AIDS cases among the indigenous people have remained stable and low. However, the epidemic has disseminated to the interior of the state, which adds difficulties to its control, given the geographical isolation, logistical barriers, and culturally and ethnically diverse population. Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has been decentralized, but peripheral ARV services are still insufficient and too distant from people who need them. Recently, the expansion of point-of-care (POC) rapid HIV testing has been contributing to overcoming logistical barriers. Other new POC devices, such as the PIMA CD4 analyzer, will bring the laboratory to the patient. AIDS uniquely coexists with other tropical infections, sharing their epidemiological profiles. The increased demand for HIV/AIDS care services can only be satisfied through increased decentralization to peripheral health units, which can also naturally integrate care with other tropical infections and can promote a shift from vertical to integrated programming. Future challenges involve building surveillance data on HIV case notification and covering the spectrum of engagement in care, including adherence to treatment and follow-up loss.

INTRODUCTION : In 2011, the Brazilian Ministry of Health rolled out a program for the external quality assessment of rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tests using the dried tube specimen (DTS) method (EQA-RT/DTS-HIV). Our objective was to evaluate the implementation of this program at 71 voluntary counseling and testing centers (VCTCs) in the Brazilian Legal Amazonian area one year after its introduction. METHODS : Quantitative and qualitative study that analyzed secondary data and interviews with healthcare workers (HCWs) (n=39) and VCTC coordinators (n=32) were performed. The assessment used 18 key indicators to evaluate the three dimensions of the program's logical framework: structure, process, and result. Each indicator was scored from 1-4, and the aggregate results corresponding to the dimensions were expressed as proportions. The results were compared to the perceptions of the HCWs and coordinators regarding the EQA-RT/DTS-HIV program. RESULTS: The aggregate scores for the three dimensions of structure, process, and result were 91.7%, 78.6%, and 95%, respectively. The lowest score in each dimension corresponded to a different indicator: access to Quali-TR online system 39% (structure), registration in Quali-TR online system 38.7% (process), and VCTC completed the full process in the program's first round 63.4% (result). Approximately 36% of the HCWs and 52% of the coordinators reported enhanced trust in the program for its rapid HIV testing performance. CONCLUSIONS: All three program dimensions exhibited satisfactory results (>75%). Nevertheless, the study findings highlight the need to improve certain program components. Additionally, long-term follow-ups is needed to provide a more thorough picture of the process for external quality assessment.

Background: Migration flows have the ability to disperse infectious agents and alter local epidemiologies. The aim of the study is to describe the socio-epidemiological, clinical and microbiology / molecular epidemiology of HIV / AIDS infection in the immigrant population. Methods: Review of the literature following the methodology Scoping review. A literature search in Medline and MEDES, original items made in Spain, published between 1998-2012, with people from Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, Asia and / or Eastern Europe was conducted. Results: 41 articles were selected. The most studied population was from Latin America (48.8%). Higher HIV prevalence than in native was observed in men who have sex with men from Latin America (18.1%), transvestite and transsexual sex workers from Latin America (23.3%), pregnant women (0.9%) and men and women from sub-Saharan Africa (9.1% and 7.5%). Risk behaviors were different depending on the country of origin and sex. The diagnostic delay of HIV infections reached 43%, with higher prevalence in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa, which showed delayed diagnosis in 41% and resistance to anti-retroviral treatment in 13%. Immigrant women had more losses to follow up, worse immunological response to antiretroviral treatment and shorter time treatment failure. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of HIV is presented by subjects from sub-Saharan Africa, men who have sex with men and transgender and transvestite sex workers from Latin America. Also pregnant women. Delayed diagnosis and resistance to treatment are more common in individuals from sub-Saharan Africa. Immigrant women presented poorer response to antiretroviral treatment.

Fundamentos: Los flujos migratorios tienen la capacidad de dispersar agentes infecciosos y alterar las epidemiologías locales. El objetivo del estudio es describir las características socio-epidemiológicas, clínicas y de microbiología/epidemiología molecular de la infección VIH/Sida en la población inmigrada. Métodos: Revisión de la literatura científica mediante la metodología de Scoping Review. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Medline y MEDES. Se seleccionaron artículos originales realizados en España y publicados entre 1998-2012, en los que participara población procedente de América Latina, África subsahariana, Norte de África, Asia y Europa del Este. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 41 artículos. La población más estudiada fue la de América Latina (48,8%). Se observaron prevalencias mayores de VIH que en autóctonos en los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres de América Latina (18,1%), travestis y transexuales trabajadores del sexo de América Latina (23,3%), mujeres gestantes (0,9%) y hombres y mujeres de África Subsahariana (9,1% y 7,5%). Las conductas de riesgo fueron diferentes en función del país de origen y del sexo. El retraso diagnóstico llegó al 43% de las infecciones VIH, hallándose mayor prevalencia en inmigrantes de África subsahariana, que mostraron retraso diagnóstico en el 41% y resistencias al tratamiento anti-retroviral en el 13%. Las mujeres inmigrantes presentaron más pérdidas de seguimiento, peor respuesta inmunológica al TARV y menor tiempo de fracaso terapéutico. Conclusiones: La mayor prevalencia de VIH la presentan los sujetos procedentes de África subsahariana y los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres y travestis y transexuales trabajadores del sexo de América Latina. También las mujeres gestantes. El retraso diagnóstico y las resistencias al tratamiento son más frecuentes en sujetos de África Subsahariana. Las mujeres inmigrantes respondieron peor al tratamiento antiretroviral.

Background: Migration flows have the ability to disperse infectious agents and alter local epidemiologies. The aim of the study is to describe the socio-epidemiological, clinical and microbiology / molecular epidemiology of HIV / AIDS infection in the immigrant population. Methods: Review of the literature following the methodology Scoping review. A literature search in Medline and MEDES, original items made in Spain, published between 1998-2012, with people from Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, Asia and / or Eastern Europe was conducted. Results: 41 articles were selected. The most studied population was from Latin America (48.8%). Higher HIV prevalence than in native was observed in men who have sex with men from Latin America (18.1%), transvestite and transsexual sex workers from Latin America (23.3%), pregnant women (0.9%) and men and women from sub-Saharan Africa (9.1% and 7.5%). Risk behaviors were different depending on the country of origin and sex. The diagnostic delay of HIV infections reached 43%, with higher prevalence in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa, which showed delayed diagnosis in 41% and resistance to anti-retroviral treatment in 13%. Immigrant women had more losses to follow up, worse immunological response to antiretroviral treatment and shorter time treatment failure. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of HIV is presented by subjects from sub-Saharan Africa, men who have sex with men and transgender and transvestite sex workers from Latin America. Also pregnant women. Delayed diagnosis and resistance to treatment are more common in individuals from sub-Saharan Africa. Immigrant women presented poorer response to antiretroviral treatment.

Fundamentos: Los flujos migratorios tienen la capacidad de dispersar agentes infecciosos y alterar las epidemiologías locales. El objetivo del estudio es describir las características socio-epidemiológicas, clínicas y de microbiología/epidemiología molecular de la infección VIH/Sida en la población inmigrada. Métodos: Revisión de la literatura científica mediante la metodología de Scoping Review. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Medline y MEDES. Se seleccionaron artículos originales realizados en España y publicados entre 1998-2012, en los que participara población procedente de América Latina, África subsahariana, Norte de África, Asia y Europa del Este. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 41 artículos. La población más estudiada fue la de América Latina (48,8%). Se observaron prevalencias mayores de VIH que en autóctonos en los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres de América Latina (18,1%), travestis y transexuales trabajadores del sexo de América Latina (23,3%), mujeres gestantes (0,9%) y hombres y mujeres de África Subsahariana (9,1% y 7,5%). Las conductas de riesgo fueron diferentes en función del país de origen y del sexo. El retraso diagnóstico llegó al 43% de las infecciones VIH, hallándose mayor prevalencia en inmigrantes de África subsahariana, que mostraron retraso diagnóstico en el 41% y resistencias al tratamiento anti-retroviral en el 13%. Las mujeres inmigrantes presentaron más pérdidas de seguimiento, peor respuesta inmunológica al TARV y menor tiempo de fracaso terapéutico. Conclusiones: La mayor prevalencia de VIH la presentan los sujetos procedentes de África subsahariana y los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres y travestis y transexuales trabajadores del sexo de América Latina. También las mujeres gestantes. El retraso diagnóstico y las resistencias al tratamiento son más frecuentes en sujetos de África Subsahariana. Las mujeres inmigrantes respondieron peor al tratamiento antiretroviral.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of blindness, visual impairment, and related eye diseases and conditions among adults in El Salvador, and to explore socioeconomic inequalities in their prevalence by education level and occupational status, stratified by sex. METHODS: Based upon the Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) methodology, this nationwide sample comprised 3 800 participants (3 399 examined) ≥ 50 years old from 76 randomly selected clusters of 50 persons each. The prevalence of blindness, visual impairment and related eye diseases and conditions, including uncorrected refractive error (URE), was calculated for categories of education level and occupational status. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and stratified by sex. RESULTS: Age-adjusted prevalence was 2.4% (95% CI: 2.2-2.6) for blindness (men: 2.8% (95% CI: 2.5-3.1); women: 2.2% (95% CI: 1.9-2.5)) and 11.8% (95% CI: 11.6-12.0) for moderate visual impairment (men: 10.8% (95% CI: 10.5-11.1); women: 12.6% (95% CI: 12.4-12.8)). The proportion of visual impairment due to cataract was 43.8% in men and 33.5% in women. Inverse gradients of socioeconomic inequalities were observed in the prevalence of visual impairment. For example, the age-adjusted OR (AOR) was 3.4 (95% CI: 2.0-6.4) for visual impairment and 4.3 (95% CI: 2.1-10.4) for related URE in illiterate women compared to those with secondary education, and 1.9 (95% CI: 1.1-3.1) in cataract in unemployed men. CONCLUSIONS: Blindness and visual impairment prevalence is high in the El Salvador adult population. The main associated conditions are cataract and URE, two treatable conditions. As socioeconomic and gender inequalities in ocular health may herald discrimination and important barriers to accessing affordable, good-quality, and timely health care services, prioritization of public eye health care and disability policies should be put in place, particularly among women, the unemployed, and uneducated people.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la prevalencia de la ceguera, la deficiencia visual, y las enfermedades y afecciones oculares relacionadas en adultos de El Salvador, y explorar las desigualdades socioeconómicas en cuanto a su prevalencia según el nivel educativo y la situación laboral, estratificados por sexos. MÉTODOS: Se adoptó el método de Evaluación Rápida de la Ceguera Evitable, y se escogió una muestra a escala nacional de 3 800 participantes (de ellos se examinaron 3 399) de 50 años de edad o mayores, pertenecientes a 76 agrupamientos seleccionados aleatoriamente y constituidos por 50 personas cada uno. Se calculó la prevalencia de la ceguera, la deficiencia visual y las enfermedades y afecciones oculares relacionadas, incluido el error de refracción no corregido, según las diferentes categorías de nivel educativo y situación laboral. Se emplearon modelos de regresión logística múltiple para calcular las razones de posibilidades (OR) y los intervalos de confianza (IC) de 95%, y se estratificaron por sexos. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia ajustada por edad fue de 2,4% (IC de 95%: 2,2-2,6) para la ceguera (hombres: 2,8% [IC de 95%: 2,5-3,1]; mujeres: 2,2% [IC de 95%: 1,9-2,5]) y de 11,8% (IC de 95%: 11,6-12,0) para la deficiencia visual moderada (hombres: 10,8% [IC de 95%: 10,5-11,1]; mujeres: 12,6% [IC de 95%: 12,4-12,8]). La proporción de deficiencias visuales debidas a catarata fue de 43,8% en los hombres y de 33,5% en las mujeres. En la prevalencia de la deficiencia visual se observaron gradientes inversos de desigualdades socioeconómicas. Por ejemplo, la OR ajustada por edad fue de 3,4 (IC de 95%: 2,0-6,4) para la deficiencia visual y de 4,3 (IC de 95%: 2,1-10,4) para el error de refracción no corregido relacionado en las mujeres analfabetas, en comparación con las que tenían un nivel de educación secundaria, y fue de 1,9 (IC de 95%: 1,1-3,1) para la catarata en los hombres desempleados. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de ceguera y deficiencia visual es alta en la población adulta de El Salvador. Las principales afecciones asociadas son la catarata y el error de refracción no corregido, ambas tratables. Puesto que las desigualdades socioeconómicas y de género en materia de salud ocular pueden ser indicativas de discriminación y de la existencia de barreras importantes para obtener acceso a servicios de atención de salud asequibles, de buena calidad y oportunos, es preciso dar prioridad a la atención oftalmológica pública y a las políticas dirigidas a corregir la discapacidad, en particular en las mujeres y en las personas desempleadas y sin formación.

We implemented a comprehensive care program for sexual violence victims in six municipalities of Escuintla. Sexual violence victims received both medical and psychological care. Clinical and epidemiological information relevant to the sexual violence event was collected. Samples were taken for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV, and pregnancy testing. In two years, 164 sexual violence victims were attended: 111 (67.6%) were under 18 years old, 91 (64.5%) were females and 20 (86.9%) were males, and the mean age was 12 and 8.3 years, respectively. The most frequently reported type of sexual violence was vaginal and/or anal penetration in 69.9% of cases. In 30.5% of cases the assailant was a stranger. We identified 11 cases of STIs. The project was able to influence national policy through active participation in the development of a national protocol for the care of sexual violence victims. Activities to promote gender equity and child protection should be intensified.

Se implementó un proyecto de atención integral a las víctimas de violencia sexual en seis municipios del departamento de Escuintla, Guatemala. Estas víctimas recibieron atención médica y psicológica. Se recogió información clínico-epidemiológica y del suceso de violencia sexual. Se tomaron muestras para determinar infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y prueba de embarazo. En 2 años se atendieron 164 víctimas de violencia sexual, 111 (67,6%) menores de edad, entre ellos 91 (64,5%) mujeres y 20 (86,9%) hombres, con medias de edad de 12 años y 8,3 años, respectivamente. El tipo de violencia más reportado fue el acto sexual con penetración vaginal, anal o ambas, en el 69,6% de los casos. En el 30,5% de los casos el agresor era un desconocido. Se detectaron 11 casos de ITS. El proyecto tuvo un efecto dinamizador a nivel nacional. Deben intensificarse las actividades dirigidas a promover cambios en la sociedad, hacia valores de equidad de género y protección de la infancia.

We implemented a comprehensive care program for sexual violence victims in six municipalities of Escuintla. Sexual violence victims received both medical and psychological care. Clinical and epidemiological information relevant to the sexual violence event was collected. Samples were taken for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV, and pregnancy testing. In two years, 164 sexual violence victims were attended: 111 (67.6%) were under 18 years old, 91 (64.5%) were females and 20 (86.9%) were males, and the mean age was 12 and 8.3 years, respectively. The most frequently reported type of sexual violence was vaginal and/or anal penetration in 69.9% of cases. In 30.5% of cases the assailant was a stranger. We identified 11 cases of STIs. The project was able to influence national policy through active participation in the development of a national protocol for the care of sexual violence victims. Activities to promote gender equity and child protection should be intensified.

Se implementó un proyecto de atención integral a las víctimas de violencia sexual en seis municipios del departamento de Escuintla, Guatemala. Estas víctimas recibieron atención médica y psicológica. Se recogió información clínico-epidemiológica y del suceso de violencia sexual. Se tomaron muestras para determinar infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y prueba de embarazo. En 2 años se atendieron 164 víctimas de violencia sexual, 111 (67,6%) menores de edad, entre ellos 91 (64,5%) mujeres y 20 (86,9%) hombres, con medias de edad de 12 años y 8,3 años, respectivamente. El tipo de violencia más reportado fue el acto sexual con penetración vaginal, anal o ambas, en el 69,6% de los casos. En el 30,5% de los casos el agresor era un desconocido. Se detectaron 11 casos de ITS. El proyecto tuvo un efecto dinamizador a nivel nacional. Deben intensificarse las actividades dirigidas a promover cambios en la sociedad, hacia valores de equidad de género y protección de la infancia.